Joined in 2023 
82 
63 About this deal
Hamiroune M, Berber A, Boubekeur S, Smar O. Evaluation of the bacteriological quality of raw cow’s milk at various stages of the milk production chain on farms in Algeria. Rev Sci Tech Off Int Epiz. 2016;35:1–26. Piepers S, Zrimšek P, Passchyn P, Vliegher S De. Manageable risk factors associated with bacterial and coliform counts in unpasteurized bulk milk in Flemish dairy herds. J Dairy Sci. 2014;97:3409–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2013-7203. Metzger S, Hernandez L, Skarlupka J, Suen G, Walker T, Ruegg P. Influence of sampling technique and bedding type on the milk microbiota: results of a pilot study. J Dairy Sci. 2018;101:6346–56. Hohmann M, Wente N, Zhang Y, Krömker V. Bacterial load of the teat apex skin and associated factors at herd level. Animals. 2020;10:1647.
Seyoum B, Kefyalew H, Abera B, Abdela N. Prevalence, risk factors and antimicrobial susceptibility test of Staphylococcus aureus in bovine cross breed Mastitic Milk in and around Asella town, Oromia regional state, Southern Ethiopia. Acta Trop. 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.09.012.
Publisher's Note
Garedew L, Melese B, Tesfaye R. Staphylococcus aureus in mastitic crossbreed cows and its associated risk factors in Addis Ababa City, Ethiopia. Ethiop Vet J. 2015;19:107–16. Argudín MÁ, Mendoza MC, Rodicio MR. Food poisoning and Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins. Toxins. 2010;2:1751–73. Oliveira CJB, Júnior WDL, Queiroga RCRE, Givisiez PEN, Azevedo PS, Pereira WE, Gebreyes WA. Risk factors associated with selected indicators of milk quality in semiarid northeastern Brazil. J Dairy Sci. 2011;94:3166–75. Jayarao BM, Wolfgang DR. Bulk-tank milk analysis: A useful tool for improving milk quality and herd udder health. Vet Clin Food Anim Pract. 2003;19:75–92. Ayele Y, Gutema FD, Edao BM, Girma R, Tufa TB, Beyene TJ, et al. Assessment of Staphylococcus aureus along milk value chain and its public health importance in Sebeta, Central Oromia, Ethiopia. BMC Microbiol. 2017;17:1–7.
Owusu-kwarteng J, Akabanda F, Agyei D, Jespersen L. Microbial safety of Milk production and fermented dairy products in Africa. Microorganisms. 2020;8:1–24. For the analysis of the microbiota, the bacterial pellet was obtained from 40 mL of each quarter milk sample, as previously described [ 2]. Briefly, 40 mL of milk was centrifuged at 8000× g for 10 min, the fat layer removed with a sterile cotton swab, and the supernatant removed. The pellet was then washed twice with 2% citrate water, and DNA was extracted from each pellet using the DNeasy PowerFood Microbial Kit (Qiagen, Düsseldorf, Germany) starting from step 3 in the detailed protocol of DNeasy Powerfood Microbial Kit Handbook. For increased efficiency of lysis of difficult species additional 5 min of vortex time were added to step 6, bringing the total vortex time to 15 min. DNA was finally eluted in 50 µl elution buffer before storage at − 20 °C. Library preparation for amplicon sequencing using the Illumina Miseq platform was performed as described previously [ 2]. The V3 and V4 region of the 16S rRNA was amplified using the primers Uni340F (CCTACGGGRBGCASCAG) and Bac806R (GGACTACYVGGGTATCTAAT). PCR reagents and conditions were identical to the one described by Porcellato et al. [ 2]. Negative controls were included to monitor for contamination during DNA extraction and during library preparation. The final library concentration was then measured using Qubit 2 with the dsDNA HS kit (ThermoFischer Scientific) and quantitated using the KAPA Library Quantification kit (Illumina) before being sequenced on an Illumina MiSeq platform (Illumina) using the 2 × 300 bp V3 kit (Illumina). Sequence data analysis and statistical testing Liu H, Li S, Meng L, Dong L, Zhao S, Lan X, Lan X, Wang J, Zheng N. Prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility, and molecular characterization of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from dairy herds in northern China. J Dairy Sci. 2017;100:8796–803.Tigabu E, Asrat D, Kassa T, Sinmegn T, Molla B, Gebreyes W. Assessment of risk factors in Milk contamination with Staphylococcus aureus in urban and Peri-urban small-holder dairy farming in Central Ethiopia. Zoonoses Public Health. 2015;62:637–43. https://doi.org/10.1111/zph.12199.
OPEDC. Oromiya Planning & Eonomic Development Commission. National Regional State of Oromiya. Physical and socio-economic profiles of 180 districtsof Oromiya Region. 4th Ed. Finfinne; 2016.Yilma Z. Microbial properties of Ethiopian marketed Milk and Milk products and associated critical points of contamination: an epidemiological perspective. Epidemiol Insights. 2012. https://doi.org/10.5772/31595. The identification of farm-level risk factors affecting the occurrence of S. aureus in bulk milk is important in the prevention and control of the organism [ 79]. Risk factors that affected the presence of S. aureus in bulk milk in the study area were barn cleanliness, cow cleanliness, udder cleanliness and sex of the milker. In line with our findings, S. aureus was reported to be more prevalent in farms with poor milking hygiene [ 82] and dirty udders [ 39] than in those with better hygiene. In this study, the occurrence of S. aureus was higher in farms where milking was performed by males than in those milked by female farmers. This might be attributed to the better experience of females in cleaning. In Ethiopia, milking of cows and, cleaning of milk utensils and the barn are mostly performed by females.
The quality of milk produced at the farm level depends on farm management practices, and hygienic milk production at the farm level is a key factor for protecting milk from microbial contamination and safeguarding consumers from milk-borne health risks [ 4]. The initial microbial load of raw milk at farm level determines the quality of products across the dairy chain [ 5]. For example, if the initial bacterial load is high, further heat treatments may not sufficiently eliminate them [ 6]. At the farm level, microbial contamination of bulk milk occurs via 3 main sources: bacterial contamination from the external surface of the udder and teats, from the surface of the milking equipment, and from mastitis organisms from within the udder [ 7]. Skin can react in a variety of ways after undergoing radiation therapy, including itchy, flaky, red, swollen, tight, dry, rashes and blistering. Our Skin Milk Udder Cream is a lightweight formula that suits all skin types and can be applied to skin with all these symptoms. When caring for skin during and after treatment, we think it’s best to look for natural, gentle, hydrating products that aren’t loaded with too many ingredients as the skin can be hypersensitive during this time. You should also try to avoid any products made with cheap preservatives like Parabens and Phenoxyethanol, as well as penetration enhancers, phthalates etc. Of course, we don’t use any of these ingredients. Our Skin Milk Udder Cream is made with nourishing oils like Sweet Almond, Olive and Rice Bran Oil, as well as Aloe Vera to provide soothing relief to inflammation, and the Milk Protein helps to restore and rebuild skin elasticity. Staphylococcus aureus is a major cause of bovine mastitis [ 20], resulting in large economic losses due to reduced milk production and quality [ 21]. S. aureus is frequently isolated from cows with mastitis [ 22, 23, 24, 25] and bulk milk [ 26, 27, 28] in Ethiopia. The presence of S. aureus in bulk milk samples indicates that infected cows are present in a herd [ 9]. The public health concern due to staphylococcal food poisoning is potentially serious in Ethiopia due to widespread raw milk consumption habits [ 29, 30, 31]. S. aureus produces enterotoxins that cause food poisoning when ingested in contaminated food. Milk and milk products are frequently implicated in staphylococcal food poisoning [ 32].Gleeson D, Edwards P, O’Brien B. Effect of omitting teat preparation on bacterial levels in bulk tank milk. Irish J Agric Food Res. 2017;55:169–75. Marshall JC, Soboleva TK, Jamieson P, French NP. Estimating bacterial pathogen levels in New Zealand bulk tank milk. J Food Prot. 2016;79:771–80. In recent years, the number of studies concerning microbiota of the intramammary environment has increased rapidly due to the development of high-throughput sequencing technologies that allow mapping of microbiota without culturing. This has revealed that an environment previously thought to be sterile in fact harbours a microbial community. Since this discovery, many studies have investigated the microbiota of different parts of the udder in various conditions. However, few studies have followed the changes that occur in the udder microbiota over time. In this study, the temporal dynamics of the udder microbiota of 10 cows, five with a low somatic cell count (SCC, SCC < 100,000 cells/mL) and five with a high SCC (SCC > 100,000 cells/mL), were followed over 5 months to gather insights into this knowledge gap. Pantoja JCF, Reinemann DJ, Ruegg PL. Associations among milk quality indicators in raw bulk milk. J Dairy Sci. 2009;92:4978–87. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2009-2329. Fulasa TT, Deressa FB. Bovine mastitis in Ethiopia. In: Kerro Dego, O. (Ed.). Mastitis in Dairy cattle, Sheep and Goats. intechopen. 2021. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92965.
Great Deal 
New Comment