Aquatic Habitats: Aquariums Inspired by Nature

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Vries, Jan de; Archibald, John M. (2018). "Plant evolution: landmarks on the path to terrestrial life". New Phytologist. 217 (4): 1428–1434. doi: 10.1111/nph.14975. ISSN 1469-8137. PMID 29318635. Aquatic plants have adapted to live in either freshwater or saltwater. Aquatic vascular plants have originated on multiple occasions in different plant families; [6] [11] they can be ferns or angiosperms (including both monocots and dicots). The only angiosperms capable of growing completely submerged in seawater are the seagrasses. [12] Examples are found in genera such as Thalassia and Zostera. An aquatic origin of angiosperms is supported by the evidence that several of the earliest known fossil angiosperms were aquatic. Aquatic plants are phylogenetically well dispersed across the angiosperms, with at least 50 independent origins, although they comprise less than 2% of the angiosperm species. [13] Archaefructus represents one of the oldest, most complete angiosperm fossils which is around 125 million years old. [14] These plants require special adaptations for living submerged in water or floating at the surface. [14] Aquatic adaptation [ edit ] Reproduction [ edit ] Neritic zone: These zone are present in mangrove swamps, lagoons, mudflats, marshes and meadows. The waters here aren't deep. Animals seen here are lobsters, clams, oysters, scallops, crab and shrimp. a b Krause-Jensen, Dorte; Sand-Jensen, Kaj (May 1998). "Light attenuation and photosynthesis of aquatic plant communities". Limnology and Oceanography. 43 (3): 396–407. Bibcode: 1998LimOc..43..396K. doi: 10.4319/lo.1998.43.3.0396. ISSN 0024-3590. S2CID 85700950.

Water supports many lives. Organisms which survive in water are called aquatic organisms. They depend on water for their food, shelter, reproduction and all other life activities.

They are the open systems of land and water which are joined together to form the coastal ecosystems. The coastal ecosystems have a different structure, and diversity. A wide variety of species of aquatic plants and algae are found at the bottom of the coastal ecosystem. The fauna is diverse and it mainly consists of crabs, fish, insects, lobsters snails, shrimp, etc. a b c Loeb, Stanford L. (24 January 1994). Biological Monitoring of Aquatic Systems. CRC Press. ISBN 0-87371-910-7. On the other hand, smaller fish such as plankton, yield into the water column and travel from one part of the marine habitat to another. As these tiny fish move around, they are preyed on by the whales. As the name imply, their waters are highly concentrated with dissolved salts, especially sodium chloride (NaCl). For this reason, they are described as saline water. On average, about 35 to 37 gram of salt (NaCl) is present in each kilogram of seawater. Bottom: deep habitats with almost no penetration of light and, therefore, lower temperatures. These habitats are often a refuge for dark-adapted carnivorous and detritivorous species. We recommend you read these other articles about the Seabed: what they are, types and photos and the Abyssal Plains: what they are and characteristics .

Najrana, Tanbir; Sanchez-Esteban, Juan (2016-12-26). "Mechanotransduction as an Adaptation to Gravity". Frontiers in Pediatrics. 4: 140. doi: 10.3389/fped.2016.00140. ISSN 2296-2360. PMC 5183626. PMID 28083527. The many possible classifications of aquatic plants are based upon morphology. [6] One example has six groups as follows: [30] a b c d Sculthorpe, C. D. 1967. The Biology of Aquatic Vascular Plants. Reprinted 1985 Edward Arnold, by London.a b Sand-Jensen, Kaj (1989-07-01). "Environmental variables and their effect on photosynthesis of aquatic plant communities". Aquatic Botany. Photosynthesis and Photorespiration in Aquatic Organisms. 34 (1): 5–25. doi: 10.1016/0304-3770(89)90048-X. ISSN 0304-3770. Euryhaline organisms are salt tolerant and can survive in marine ecosystems, while stenohaline or salt intolerant species can only live in freshwater environments. [27] Abiotic characteristics (non-living components) [ edit ] a b Bornette, Gudrun; Amoros, Claude; Lamouroux, Nicolas (March 1998). "Aquatic plant diversity in riverine wetlands: the role of connectivity". Freshwater Biology. 39 (2): 267–283. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2427.1998.00273.x. ISSN 0046-5070.