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Hsieh, Jaw-shu; Hsing, Yue-ie Caroline; Hsu, Tze-fu; Li, Paul Jen-kuei; Li, Kuang-ti; Tsang, Cheng-hwa (24 December 2011). "Studies on Ancient Rice—Where Botanists, Agronomists, Archeologists, Linguists, and Ethnologists Meet". Rice. 4 (3–4): 178–183. doi: 10.1007/s12284-011-9075-x. A middleman at Mutumbiyu grain market, Awwal Mutumbiyu, said despite the fact that the dry season harvest has begun to enter the market, a bag is still sold at between N20,000 and N22,000. Rice harvesting in Central Java is often performed not by owners or sharecroppers of paddies, but rather by itinerant middlemen, whose small firms specialize in the harvest, transport, milling, and distribution of rice.
Previous studies have shown that effective fertilizer and water management practices under system of rice intensification coupled with alternate wetting and drying irrigation could reduce GHG emissions by 40% ( Ku et al., 2017; Li et al., 2018; Islam et al., 2020; Ramesh and Rathika, 2020; Sander et al., 2020; Win et al., 2020). Alternate wetting and drying irrigation greatly enhances the diffusion of atmospheric oxygen (O 2) into the soil, thus reducing the emission of CH 4 ( Yang et al., 2012; Xu et al., 2015; Islam et al., 2020). Slight increase N 2O emission in AWD irrigation has been reported by Islam et al. (2020), Ku et al. (2017), Li et al. (2018) due to the increased nitrification of NH 4+ during the dry episode and the subsequent denitrification of NO 3- during re-wetting of dry soils, but it still reduces total GHG emissions from rice fields mainly due to reduced CH 4 emissions. Reducing the emission of CH 4 from the soil is the most effective way to mitigate the global warming potential in rice cultivation ( Sander et al., Lansing and Miller" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 March 2009 . Retrieved 25 April 2013. Ariyarathna S, Siriwardhana H, Danthurebandara M (2016) Life cycle assessment of rice processing in Sri Lanka: modern and conventional processing. In: 2016 Moratuwa Engineering Research Conference (MERCon). IEEE, pp 297–302Kalvani SR, Sharaai AH (2021) Social consideration in product life cycle for product social sustainability Among the many varieties, rice of Madagascar includes: "Vary lava"- a translucent long and large grain rice; it is a luxury rice. "Vary Makalioka"- a translucent long and thin grain rice. "Vary Rojofotsy"- a half-long grain rice. "Vary mena" or red rice; exclusive to Madagascar. The primary difference between paddy rice and rice lies in the stage of processing. Paddy rice is the unprocessed, unhusked form of rice that is still in the field. In contrast, rice refers to the grain after it has been harvested, threshed, and milled to remove the husk, bran, and germ, leaving the edible grain. Where is Paddy Rice Grown?
Revéret J-P, Couture J-M, Parent J (2015) Socioeconomic LCA of milk production in Canada. In: Social life cycle assessment. Springer, pp 25–69 Currently, sustainability is becoming an essential aim in the world (Chang et al. 2016). Sustainability has three pillars including economic, environmental, and social aspects. Enhancement of social condition can increase human well-being (UNEP 2009). Social life cycle assessment (S-LCA) is a technique for evaluating social performances of products throughout their life cycle (UNEP 2009). Only 0.4% of Iranian farmers were satisfied with their income because the selling price of rice in Iran was not in the line with the inflation in the country. Inflation rate in Iran was 39.34%, while 2.5% in Malaysia in 2021 (FAO). In Iran, the price of rice is relatively fixed; however, the cost of workers, transportation, and agricultural machinery is high. Malaysian farmers had more assistance with technology development than Iran with the score of 78%. However, in Iran, buying modern agricultural machinery is not affordable because the area of farm land limits its usage.
Mollafilabi A (2019) Comparison of environmental impacts for rice (Oryza sativa L.) agroecosystems in the first and second planting patters by using Life Cycle Assessment (case study: Sari County). Agroecology 10: Parent J, Cucuzzella C, Revéret J-P (2010) Impact assessment in SLCA: sorting the sLCIA methods according to their outcomes. Int J Life Cycle Assess 15:164–171. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-009-0146-9 Pelletier N (2018) Social sustainability assessment of Canadian egg production facilities: Methods, analysis, and recommendations. Sustain 10:1–17. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10051601
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