Young Hamilton: A Biography

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Littlefield, Daniel C. (2000). "John Jay, the Revolutionary Generation, and Slavery". New York History. 81 (1): 91–132. ISSN 0146-437X. In October 1772, Hamilton arrived by ship in Boston and proceeded from there to New York City, where he took lodgings with the Irish-born Hercules Mulligan, brother of a trader known to Hamilton's benefactors, who assisted Hamilton in selling cargo that was used to pay for his education and support. [29] [30] Later that year, in preparation for college, Hamilton began to fill gaps in his education at the Elizabethtown Academy, a preparatory school run by Francis Barber in Elizabeth, New Jersey. While there, he came under the influence of William Livingston, a local leading intellectual and revolutionary with whom he lived for a time. [31] [32] [33] Columbia College (New York, N. Y. ) (1826). Catalogue of Columbia College in the City of New-York: embracing the names of its trustees, officers, and graduates, together with a list of all academical honours conferred by the institution from A.D. 1758 to A.D. 1826, inclusive. U.S. National Library of Medicine. New York: Printed by T. and J. Swords.

Kaplan, Lawrence S. (1998). Thomas Jefferson: Westward the Course of Empire. Rowman & Littlefield. p.284. ISBN 978-1-4616-4618-1. Brant, Irving (1970). The Fourth President: a Life of James Madison. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merill. A one-volume recasting of Brant's six-volume life. On his deathbed, Hamilton asked the Episcopal Bishop of New York, Benjamin Moore, to give him holy communion. [215] Moore initially declined to do so, on two grounds: that to participate in a duel was a mortal sin, and that Hamilton, although undoubtedly sincere in his faith, was not a member of the Episcopalian denomination. [228] After leaving, Moore was persuaded to return that afternoon by the urgent pleas of Hamilton's friends, and upon receiving Hamilton's solemn assurance that he never attended to shoot Burr and repented for his part in the duel, Moore gave him communion. [216] Bishop Moore returned the next morning, stayed with Hamilton for several hours until his death, and conducted the funeral service at Trinity Church. [215] Relationship with Jews and Judaism Founders Online: From Alexander Hamilton to Nathaniel Chipman, 22 July 1788". founders.archives.gov . Retrieved January 25, 2023.

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Wood, Gordon S. (2009). Empire of Liberty: A History of the Early Republic, 1789–1815. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-503914-6. The most recent synthesis of the era. Knox, Henry. "Letter from Henry Knox to Alexander Hamilton, 24 November 1794". Founders Online. National Archives.

Larsen, Harold (1952). "Alexander Hamilton: The Fact and Fiction of His Early Years". William and Mary Quarterly. 9 (2): 139–51. doi: 10.2307/1925345. JSTOR 1925345. Hamilton was invited to become an aide to Continental Army general William Alexander, Lord Stirling, and another general, perhaps Nathanael Greene or Alexander McDougall. [54] He declined these invitations, believing his best chance for improving his station in life was glory on the Revolutionary War's battlefields. Hamilton eventually received an invitation he felt he could not refuse: to serve as Washington's aide with the rank of lieutenant colonel. [55] Washington believed that "Aides de camp are persons in whom entire confidence must be placed and it requires men of abilities to execute the duties with propriety and dispatch." [56] Main article: United States Revenue Cutter Service A 19th-century portrait of a Revenue Marine cutter, which may be of either the USRC Massachusetts or its replacement, the Massachusetts II McDonald, Forrest (1982). Alexander Hamilton: A Biography. W.W. Norton & Company. p. 373 ( Footnotes). ISBN 978-0-393-30048-2.Hamilton, John Church (1879). Life of Alexander Hamilton: A History of the Republic of the United States of America, as Traced in His Writings and in Those of His Contemporaries, Volume VII. Boston: Houghton, Osgood and Company. p.711. Vice President Burr shot Hamilton, delivering what proved to be a fatal wound. Hamilton's shot was said to have broken a tree branch directly above Burr's head. [168] Neither of the seconds, Pendleton nor Van Ness, could determine who fired first, [210] as each claimed that the other man had fired first. [209] a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab McDonald, Forrest (1982). Alexander Hamilton: A Biography. W. W. Norton Company. ISBN 978-0-393-30048-2. Steward, David O. (2016). Madison's Gift: Five Partnerships That Built America. imon and Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4516-8859-7. Brookhiser, Richard (2011). Alexander Hamilton, American. Simon and Schuster. p.3. ISBN 978-1-4391-3545-7.

The involvement of those in Hamilton's circle such as Schuyler, William Duer, James Duane, Gouverneur Morris, and Rufus King as speculators was not favorable to those against the report, either, though Hamilton personally did not own or deal a share in the debt. [113] :304 [95] :250 Madison eventually spoke against it by February 1790. Although he was not against current holders of government debt to profit, he wanted the windfall to go to the original holders. Madison did not feel that the original holders had lost faith in the government but sold their securities out of desperation. [113] :305 The compromise was seen as egregious to both Hamiltonians and their dissidents such as Maclay, and Madison's vote was defeated 36 votes to 13 on February 22. [113] :305 [95] :255 a b Bairoch, Paul (1995). Economics and World History: Myths and Paradoxes. University of Chicago Press. p.33. ISBN 978-0-226-03463-8.Although there are persistent claims that Hamilton's mother was of mixed race, this is not substantiated by any verifiable evidence. Rachel Faucette was listed as white on tax rolls. [13] [14] Further information: Federalist Party and Democratic-Republican Party A 1791 portrait of Hamilton's political rival Thomas Jefferson Martin, Robert W. T. (2005). "Reforming Republicanism: Alexander Hamilton's Theory of Republican Citizenship and Press Liberty". Journal of the Early Republic. 25 (1): 21–46. doi: 10.1353/jer.2005.0012. S2CID 143255588. Long dissatisfied with the Articles of Confederation as too weak to be effective, Hamilton played a major leadership role at the 1786 Annapolis Convention. He drafted its resolution for a constitutional convention, and in doing so brought one step closer to reality his longtime desire to have a more effectual, more financially self-sufficient federal government. [90] To Alexander Hamilton from Walton and Cruger, [19 October 1771]". Founders Online (Letter). National Archives. fn. 1. Archived from Syrett, Harold C., ed. (1961) [1768–1778]. The Papers of Alexander Hamilton. Vol.1. New York: Columbia University Press. p.8 n.1.

Bailey, Jeremy D. (2008). "The New Unitary Executive and Democratic Theory: The Problem of Alexander Hamilton". American Political Science Review. 102 (4): 453–65. doi: 10.1017/S0003055408080337. Fleming, Thomas (1999). Duel: Alexander Hamilton, Aaron Burr and the Future of America. New York: Basic Books. pp.328–9.Rachel Lavien was married on Saint Croix. [17] In 1750, Lavien left her husband and first son before travelling to Saint Kitts, where she met James Hamilton. [17] Hamilton and Lavien moved together to Nevis, her birthplace, where she had inherited a seaside lot in town from her father. [2] While their mother was living, Alexander and James Jr. received individual tutoring [2] and classes in a private school led by a Jewish headmistress. [18] Alexander supplemented his education with a family library of 34 books. [19]