The Northumbrians: North-East England and Its People: A New History

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Venning, Timothy (30 January 2014). The Kings & Queens of Anglo-Saxon England. Amberley Publishing Limited. ISBN 978-1-4456-2459-4.

In the confusion of the post-Roman era, many polities emerges, some claiming connections across the North Sea. The accent is ancient and immediately distinctive,” says Dan. This is because many of the dialect words have a clear Anglo-Saxon link. Bede (1898). Miller, Thomas (ed.). The Old English Version of Bede's Ecclesiastical History of the English People. Early English Text Society. Original series,no. 95-96, 110–111. London: Published for the Early English Text Society by Oxford University Press. hdl: 2027/yale.39002053190329.Northumbrian hegemony over northern Britain is dealt a painful blow when King Ecgfrith is killed by Pictish forces at the battle of Nechtansmere. Angle power was in the ascendant. In 603 they defeated Aedan, Gaelic King of Dál Riata, at the battle of Degsastan. Northumbria is featured in the TV series Vikings through the character of King Aelle (played by actor Ivan Kaye) and his daughter Judith (played by Jennie Jacques). In the show, Aelle forges an alliance with Ecbert of Wessex through a marriage between Judith and Ecbert's son Aethelwulf. Judith betrays Aethelwulf through an affair with the former Viking-turned-cleric Athelstan resulting in the birth of Alfred the Great. Ecbert enlists the aid of Ragnar Lothbrok as a mercenary in his attempt to dominate Mercia and Ragnar is later captured and killed by Aelle who is then killed by Ragnar's sons.

Downham, Clare (2004). "Eric Bloodaxe – Axed? The Mystery of the Last Scandinavian King of York". Medieval Scandinavia. 14: 51–77. Scholar Roger Collins has observed how few historical records survive from the Kingdom of Mercia due to the wars with Wessex and the Viking invasions and goes on to note, “the conflicts of the ninth and tenth centuries were in most respects to prove equally destructive in Northumbria, whose political stability had never been very secure” (194). Due to the loss of these records, many events in Northumbria's history are obscured and the last year of Aethelfrith's reign is among them. Hadley, Dawn (2002), "Viking and native: re–thinking identity in the Danelaw", Early Medieval Europe, 11 (1): 45–70, doi: 10.1111/1468-0254.00100, S2CID 154018306

Definition

Richards, J.D. (1 January 1991). Book of Viking Age England. B.T. Batsford. ISBN 978-0-7134-6519-8. After King Alfred re-established his control of southern England, the Norse invaders settled into what came to be known as the Danelaw in the Midlands, East Anglia, and the southern part of Northumbria. [31] In Northumbria, the Norse established the Kingdom of York whose boundaries were roughly the River Tees and the Humber, giving it approximately the same dimensions as Deira. [34] Although this kingdom fell to Hiberno-Norse colonisers in the 920s and was in constant conflict with the West-Saxon expansionists from the south, it survived until 954 when the last Scandinavian king Eric, who is usually identified as Eric Bloodaxe, was driven out and eventually killed. [35] [36] [37] Nordenfalk, Carl (1976). Celtic and Anglo-Saxon Painting: Book illumination in the British Isles 600–800. New York: George Braziller. ISBN 978-0-8076-0825-8. Bosworth, Joseph (1898). An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary: Based on the Manuscript Collections of the Late Joseph Bosworth. Clarendon Press.